Ben Fredj S, Ghammem R, Zammit N, Maatouk A, Haddad N, Haddad N, Kachroudi M, et al

The 1911 service code: All new service pipes of 2 inches in diameter or less shall be of AA lead. Service larger than 2 must be of AA lead or double strength galvanized iron. The 1923 service code: All new service pipes of 2 inches in diameter or less shall be of lead . Service larger than 2 must be of lead, of galvanized iron, or cast iron. on lead services of all sizes where it is not practicable to set the meter close to the building, or vault wall, galvanized iron pipe, extra heavy, may be used instead of lead pipeprovided that the lead service pipe is carried through the wall The 1936 service code: New service pipes of two inches in diameter or less may be of lead , cement-lined standard iron, brass, or copper, at the option of the owner. Conclusion There are public health risks associated with lead exposure and for at least 103 years New York City permitted, encouraged, and at times even required the use of lead pipes
doi:10.1111/jth.13970 Martinez JA, Qeadan F, Burge MR
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